Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Thomas Becket

Describe the state of the church in Chaucer's middle ages. The king's immediate successors paid little attention to the issue of division of power between church and state. Richard the Lion-Hearted spent his reign in France and on the Third Crusade to recover Jerusalem, and John was a tyrant who spent much of his time overtaxing and angering his subjects. But from time to time, the issue of who would control the judicial system of England resurfaced and other differences between church and state arose. It was not until the rule of Henry VIII that the struggles between king and pope were resolved.Henry VIII settled the issue by separating England from the Catholic Church altogether. â€Å"Thomas Becket. † IJXL Biographies. Detroit: 2003. Student Resources in Context. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. 16. What is the Magana Carta? What historical impact did it have? The Magna Carta (a Latin phrase meaning â€Å"Great Paper† or â€Å"Great Charter†) was originally an English docum ent issued in 1215. An army led by English barons forced King John (1167-1216) to sign it. The purpose of he document was to clarify the king's power over the barons, the church, clergymen, and the free people of certain towns.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

MGT 501

Developing the Session Long Project Paper:   The SLP paper is a unique opportunity to directly use the course materials to improve your understanding of the OB-related issues within your immediate work organization (or another organization you know very well).   This should help to make the course more personally relevant. Please note that they ARE NOT simply ‘personal opinion’ papers.   Rather, they ask you to conduct a series of brief personal assessments, relating insights you have gained from reviewing the assigned academic materials, to your specific career.   Spend some time thinking about how to apply these assessments and coming up with a substantive career development plan to build on your skills and shore up your weaknesses. Your analysis should be approximately two double spaced pages, plus include both title and academic reference pages (the same as requested for each case paper).   Also, as with the case paper, please use contiguous citations (at the point in the paper where they are most relevant†¦again, see the TUI Style Sheet on this).   These will assist help your professor to better understand how you have used the applicable academic material to support your analysis. The SLP for this class involves constructing a personal inventory of your management skills, and a plan for improving those skills. In each module, you will complete an assessment of a relevant set of skills, focusing on your strengths and identifying any weaknesses that may have been revealed through the assessment an/or your personal experience. You will then be asked to create a plan by which you can `grow` your strengths and shore up your weaknesses. By the end of the project, you will have a personal management profile and action plan. In this module, you will be assessing your cultural awareness. Click on this link to Kwintessential Language and Culture Specialists. ((http://www.kwintessential.co.uk/resources/culture-tests.html)) You will find a selection of 20 or so cultural awareness quizzes. Choose one or two that looks interesting to you. (Hint: You will learn the most if you choose a general quiz, or one that concerns a country with which you are not familiar, as well as test your knowledge of a culture with which you think you are highly familiar.) After completing the quiz(s), address the following questions in a 1-page essay: Which quiz(s) did you take? As I am from Asia and I do know a bit of Spanish, I took the Cross-Cultural quiz on Islam and on Mexico. Were you surprised at your score? Yes, I was a bit surprised about the results.   In the Islam quiz, I got an 80 %, and in the Mexican quiz, I got 60 %. What strengths do you think that you have in the area of inter-cultural awareness? Some of the strengths I have in the area of cross-cultural awareness includes: – Knowing a bit of the local languages, such as Arabic, Urdu, and Spanish Knowing the customs and traditions belonging of these groups Belonging to the same religion or staying with people of the same religion as these groups. Having an idea of the attitudes, beliefs and practices followed by these groups. Having respect for one another, irrespective of the caste, creed, race, etc. Having more of cultural encounters and interactions Having an idea of interacting and developing a relationship with people from other cultures Staying in a cosmopolitan environment I have met people from these countries I have read about these groups in books and in web sites.  · What weaknesses are you able to identify? I have not traveled to these regions of the world I do not know to read and right the languages spoken in these regions Taking a bit longer time to learn local languages Taking longer time to get accomplished with local traditions – Create a plan of specific steps can you take to build on your strengths and decrease areas of weakness. During cross-cultural interactions, the individual should not be bias and have a faulty attitude towards people belonging to certain cultural background.   These attitudes develop when others provide inappropriate information of these groups.   Hence, we tend to develop negative behaviors with individuals of these groups leading to negative interactions and bad experiences.   It would be more important for us to be unbiased and have an open mind. 1. As I stay in a cosmopolitan environment, I would be open for discussion, interactions and ability to accept people belonging to foreign cultures. 2. Before interacting with any individual belonging to another cultural group, a thorough cultural assessment similar to this needs to be conducted. 3. Once the cross-cultural skills have been developed, individuals belonging to other groups would begin to trust us and have a stronger relationship with us. 4. During interactions, eye-to-eye contact is necessary. 5. It is important to respect the beliefs, attitudes and practices of these groups during interactions, as many of them follow strong traditions and customs. 6. During intercultural interactions, it is necessary to keep in mind whatever ideas exist of the attitudes, behaviors, traditions and practices.   Even a little bit of these put into practice would be identified by the other individual and would be appreciated.   In this way, slowly but surely relationships can be developed. 7. If the individual expresses a belief, which is superstitious in nature, it may be better to be nonjudgmental about it.   I would respect such superstitious as it would mean giving credit to the other individual’s culture. 8.It may be difficult for me sometimes to mix with people from other cultures, as I have not traveled to other regions of the world.   However, reading more about these individuals, their countries and their cultures through books, videos and the Internet can reduce the problem. 9.As I take longer time to learn languages, I would have to make an extra effort to do so.   It may be easy for a child to learn and accept a new language as they have good learning capacities.   However, once an individual crosses the age of 8 to 9, the ability to learn a new language may decrease.   Adults having good motivational capacity would also be able to learn a new language.   Hence, I would have to motivate myself further to learn the new language. 10.   In order to get accomplished with new traditions, an open mind and greater amount of intercultural interactions is required. Why is it important for managers to increase their levels of cultural awareness? Managers have to increase their level of cultural awareness so that they can develop a strong relationship with individuals belonging to other cultures.   Once these relationships develop, both parties would begin to trust and have confidence in one another.   The Managers could now motivate the staff and also be able to understand and solve their problems better.   This would be positive not only for the manager and the staff member, but also for the organization as a whole. References: Campinha-Bacote, J. (2001), A model of practice to address cultural competence in rehabilitation nursing, Rehabilitation Nursing, 26(1).      

Monday, July 29, 2019

The Microsoft Case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Microsoft Case - Assignment Example Market barriers influence the players in the market. Microsoft case developed an operating system that could not be used by other firms. Attempts by other firms to develop a system that would substitute products for Microsoft have been futile. This has limited the players in the market. Microsoft uses the market barrier to safeguard the profit of the corporation. The natural monopoly occurs when the startup cost for a particular business is quite high. The high start-up cost will lock firms or individuals from venturing into a specific line of business. The government may come in to regulate cases of natural monopoly because it aims at protecting its consumers. Natural monopoly may lead to deadweight loss to society. The case of Microsoft cooperation is not the natural monopoly because many firms are willing to get into the market but Microsoft has consistently produced operating systems that have made it difficult for the firms to penetrate the market. Â  A government monopoly is a case where cooperation owned by the government supplies the product in the market without competition. The demand curve slopes downward because of the relationship between quantity demanded and price of the products. Demand increases with a decrease in prices. Microsoft enjoys economies of scale due to the expansion it makes into the market. The price setting power lies in the hands of the firm that enjoys the monopoly. In this case, Microsoft enjoys monopoly pricing. When firms are in competition, market forces would act as the price marker. In conclusion, monopoly creates incomplete competition in the market.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

W201 eTMA 03 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

W201 eTMA 03 - Essay Example awaiting trial, hence the matter is sub judice and publication of materials such as newspapers that have wide access to members of the public could compromise the course of justice, especially if the judges or jury also happen to read the article when the matter is yet to be decided. In this connection, Section 2(2) of the Contempt of Court Act of 1981 states as follows: where any publication creates a substantial risk that the course of justice in the proceedings in question will be seriously impeded or prejudiced, contempt of court will be found1. There are three separate elements that must be established before the issue of contempt of court arises. Firstly, there must be a publication, secondly this publication must be related to the court proceedings which are taking place and lastly, the nature of the publication must be such that it could seriously impede the course of justice through prejudice. The above mentioned article in the Grayton Gazette appears to substantiate all of the above. Firstly, it is a publication, i.e, an article in the local newspaper. Secondly, it is related to the court proceedings because Billy is awaiting trial in connection with the events of 15th April and the antics of Street Clear and the article is specifically about Billy and his earlier activities with Street Clear. This article also fulfils the third criterion because it does seriously prejudice the case, because it mentions that Billy has been involved in fights before – he has been involved in demonstrations which have turned nasty because he looks for trouble. Moreover the article specifically states: â€Å"let’s hope the jury sees sense†, which directly creates a substantial risk of serious prejudice, because being a news article, it is quite likely to come to the attention of a potential jury member and the timing of publication of the article coincides almost exactly with the trial procedures. On this basis, it appears that there would be excellent grounds for

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Red Scarf Girl book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Red Scarf Girl book - Essay Example She was to appear in the auditions of Central Liberation Army Arts Academy. Ji-li-Jiang’s father dissuaded her to drop down this audition because of their poor family status. At that time, Ji-li-Jiang had no idea of what her father was really talking about. Ji-li-Jiang’s family was considered a â€Å"Black Family† and she was also used to be accused for her family old ways, the Four Olds (Old Customs, Old Culture, Old Habits, and Old Ideas). The Chairman Mao used to protest against these Four Olds, which Ji-li-Jiang family was highly fond of. Ji-li-Jiang was forced and pressurized to make her choice following that, â€Å"Now, you have to choose between two roads. You can break with your family and follow Chairman Mao, or you can follow your father and become an enemy of the people†. Few events occurred at that time of Cultural Revolution, which made Ji-li-Jiang realize that her family is more important to her than to follow Chairman Mao. First, Ji-li-Jiang closest friends betrayed her in helping her to abolish the Four Olds to become a Red Guard and to also prevent herself from getting arrest for these Four Olds. The Campaign against the Four Olds was assigned to write the dreadful posters against their teachers, which Ji-li-Jiang failed to do because it was difficult and against her moral values to insult her teachers like this. Because of it, one day a Campaign member (da-zi-bao) enfolds that Ji-li has a relationship with a male teacher. Due to this amplification, Ji-li parents suggested her to stay at home to avoid such shame. After coming back to school Ji-li gets nominated for the Red Successor for the future generation of Red Guards. But her poor background gets revealed again to the whole class by Du Hai, which made her dropped out of the nomination. Then Ji-li’s graduation tests termination takes place. And Ji-li was to move to Shi-yi Junior High School recommended by her

Saladin The Divine Plan Of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Saladin The Divine Plan Of God - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that the two armies met face to face and realizing the weakness of the Franks, Muslims had a hand to hand fight with the Franks (Lane-Poole 193). The thirst, burning sun and the smoke of the bush that Muslims had fired, made the Franks lose their sanity (Lane-Poole 194). In desperation to reach the lake for water, Franks neglected the combination with their knights and by doing so, lost their only chance to victory (Lane-Poole 194). The Saracens eventually attacked all of them and killed them and captured the rest (Lane-Poole 194). Many of the soldiers surrendered and even the knights begged Saladin to kill them instead of leaving them to live a torturous life (Lane-Poole 195). Also, it is believed that 30,000 Christians lost their lives in the battle, which is famously known as the battle of Hattin (Lane-Poole 198). This paper makes a conclusion that Saladin was one of the greatest Muslim warriors who unified the Muslim countries for the first time and br ought together all the Muslim armies and transformed them into one army. Saladin was successful in winning the Holy war against the crusaders and restoring the Muslim rule on the Holy Land. Among all of his achievements, the victory of battle of Hattin was one of his greatest, and it made clear that Saladin’s rule in Egypt and his conquest of the Holy Land was nothing less than the plan of God. Hence, it won’t be wrong to say that Saladin was not only the king of Egypt, but was also a hand of God. ... Shirkuh continued his service under Nur al-Din, who took over Aleppo (Lyons and Jackson 3). On the other hand, the troops of Damascus attacked and besieged Saladin’s father in Baalbek (Lyons and Jackson 3). Ayyub had no choice but to surrender on favourable terms as no help from force came to his rescue (Lyons and Jackson 3). Ayyub moved to Damascus with his family and started living there (Lyons and Jackson 3). However, in the year 1154, when Nur al-Din attacked the city, Ayyub helped him to victory by making the surrender of Damascus easy (Lyons and Jackson 3). Later, he joined Nur al-Din (Lyons and Jackson 3). It has been noted by the historians that as Saladin’s childhood was spent in Damascus, he was particularly fond of that place (Lyons and Jackson 3). Saladin’s childhood and character Saladin was highly educated human being and was more inclined towards studies than towards military achievements (Lyons and Jackson 3). It was observed that Saladin was not only good at academic subjects like arithmetic and law, but was also knowledgeable of the Quran and the cultural heritage of Arab traditions (Lyons and Jackson 3). Saladin had learnt the values, attitudes, emotions and essence of Arab by learning by heart the anthology of Arab poets called as ‘Hamasa’ (Lyons and Jackson 3). Saladin’s ambitions were very moderate as he never aimed for power or command (Lyons and Jackson 3). However, destiny had something else in store for Saladin. He was destined to enter Egypt and become its king. First expedition to Egypt It can be said that God had destined Saladin to become a king. It was in the year 1163 that the events that led Saladin to Egypt took place. Shawar, the deposed vizier of Egypt, arrived in Cairo to ask

Friday, July 26, 2019

Fan fiction story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fan fiction story - Essay Example Since time immemorial, it has always been the fascination of mankind to see an intelligent being from another planet. Yet, aside from rumors that extra territestrials had been caught or found, nothing was ever proven that almost all scientist abandoned the idea of finding one, except for Dr. Nogrady, the eccentric scientist of NASA. So Professor X send a signal to the goldilocks planet Gliese 581 g hoping to prove that an intelligent being exists out there. Nobody took Dr. Nogrady effort seriously dismissing that the Professor has been chasing a pipe dream of looking for something that does not exist. A wasted genius they say. But the signal was still sent into that goldilock region of the universe. Then suddenly, a response. Dr. Nogradywas ecstatic, he himself cannot believe that his transmission were returned. For the first time in the history of science, a contact was made with an intelligent creature light years away. Through the help of a team of expert of linguists, Dr. Nogrady team were able to understand the language of the alien. The creature’s name was Apex. He was a male and an astronaut from planet Gliese 581 g who just like Dr. Nogrady, has also been scouring through the stars for a possible contact with an intelligent being. ... Earth does not have the technology yet to visit Planet Gliese 581 g so it was agreed that it will be Apex’s team who would be visiting the Earth. According to Dr. Nogrady’s estimate, the aliens will be arriving on earth six months from now. Necessary preparations were made for the arrival of Apex’s party. All honors were conferred to Dr. Nogrady who rose to sudden popularity due to his recent contact with an extra terrestrial being. He also received unlimited funding from the United Nation’s for his research and was made in-charge of the receiving party since it was only Professor X who was privy in communicating with Apex’s party. The initial contact will be made in the vast desert of Sahara desert in Africa since it was anticipated that Apex’s ship will be huge since it has to travel in space. The day arrived. Apex made an excited announcement that his ship has already landed in the designated landing field which Dr. Nogrady prepared for Ap ex’s arrival. Yet Dr. Nogrady cannot find the ship. He asked for confirmation from Apex who replied they have landed as confirmed by the engineer of Dr. Nogrady’s triangulation that they are already in the designated landing field. But they cannot be found. Suddenly the communication made a blip with Apex’s cry, why are you attacking us? We came in good faith and friendship! Dr. Nogrady replied, attack what? It’s getting dark, why are you sending your monsters to attack us! A series of cry was heard from the radio of Apex, yet nothing can be found in the landing field. Until finally, a distress call was heard from com of Apex, with a call â€Å"this is Captain Apex of Ship Amegdala on exploration to Earth, we are under attack and cannot survive, please send in rescue immediately!

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Character Analysis and pick one of those .William Faulkner, A Rose for Essay

Character Analysis and pick one of those .William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily, and Andre Dubus, Killings - Essay Example Emily has killed Homer because society killed her independence and happiness first due to social class and gender norms. In the beginning, the story presents Emily with both admiration and criticism because of her class status. Emily belongs to a family of an upper-class family that is respected in the community. When she died, the narrator states that she has gone to where her social class went to, along with â€Å"representatives of those august names† (Faulkner par.2). She is a Grierson, one of the most respected names in town. The tone of the story mixes respect and ridicule, however. The narrator describes the house as he would the Griersons: â€Å"...only Miss Emilys house was left, lifting its stubborn and coquettish decay above the cotton wagons and the gasoline pumps—an eyesore among eyesores† (Faulkner par.2). The tone challenges the Griersons for remaining superior when they have lost their wealth and influence already. As the story progresses, Emily opens up to the community a little, which the people respect because they feel sympathy for her after her domineering father died and because she is a old, single woman. The narrator judges the Griersons as too proud of themselves. He uses the words â€Å"high and mighty Griersons† in contrast to the â€Å"gross, teeming world† because of the smell coming from Emily’s house (Faulkner par. 16). It shows how social class affects the social circle of Emily. At the same time, gender is also an issue for Emily. Her father controlled her life when he was alive. The narrator suggests this when he says: â€Å"None of the young men were quite good enough for Miss Emily and such† (Faulkner par. 25). Gender values that expect her to respect her father’s decision have turned her into an old maiden. Still, she opens up a little when she had China-painting lessons and became romantically involved with Homer. Emily shows her indepen dence after her father

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Strategic Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example Internal Analysis X 5.1 SWOT Analysis X 5.1.1 Strength X 5.1.2 Weakness X 5.1.3 Opportunity X 5.1.4 Threat X 5.2 Value Chain Analysis X 6. Problem Definition X 6.1 Primary Problem - Unable to Respond to the Dynamic Market Trends X 6.2 Secondary Problems X 6.2.1 Emerging Preference for Sports Apparel Materials X 6.2.2 Intense Rivalry Among Competitors X 7. Recommendations X 7.1 Develop Alliance with Competitors X 7.2 Participating in Sports Events X 7.3 Expand the Research and Development Function X 8. Selected Recommendation X 9. Implementation X 10. Evaluation and Control X 10. Appendices X 11. Reference List X 1. Executive Summary In this report, the authors have critically analysed Bossini International Holdings Limited’s (BIHL)’s external and internal environment of Hong Kong’s apparel industry. The external analysis highlights the key current environmental factors through PEST Analysis and Porter’s 5 Forces Analysis. Such external analysis are aimed t o assist the company in remaining relevant and sustainable within the the dynamic external environment. An internal analysis of BIHL’s internal environment is then performed through SWOT analysis and Value-chain Analysis. The capabilities and shortcomings of BIHL are surfaced consequently. This allows for tailored strategies to suit BIHL in facing challenges within the industry. Subsequently, the key problems are highlighted from the external environment analysis. Through the internal environment analysis, relevant strategies are proposed and selected to counter the problems. The report concludes with the implementation of the selected strategy, featuring issue involved in evaluation and control. 2. Introduction The apparel industry in Hong Kong has flourished during recent times wherein the residents are not only inclined to buy more clothes but more ready spend on more expensive ones. The apparel industry in Hong Kong offers fashion wear, sportswear, casual, kids as well as footwear and footwear accessories. The list of consumers is not limited to the locals; it also includes international buyers and tourists. International brands have also entered into the Asian market by making first entry into the Hong Kong(HK) market. This suggests that HK presents a reliable and stable market to sell both locally and regionally (Euromonitor International 2011b). The overall size of the industry is over HK$53 Billion as of 2011 with more than 12,200 retail stores offering different apparels targeted at market segments. With growth of almost 22% per year, the Apparel industry in Hong Kong is one of the significant and growing industries in the economy (Yi Li & Jones 2001). Bossini International Holdings Limited (BIHL) is one of the leading apparel firms in HK. Established in 1987, BIHL has been an important player for the casual wear market for low and mid ranged consumers. Listed on the HK Stock Exchange in 1993, the firm has been able to achieve dynamic growth an d opened new stores around the world with major presence in regions like Asia, Europe and Middle East. Having near 1400 stores in 36 countries, BIHL has developed into a recognizable international brand. The   global presence outlines its drive towards becoming a global brand in the apparel industry (Bossini Enterprises Limited 2012). The overall market appeal of BIHL is based upon its recognizable casual wear that is not only colorful, but also soft in texture. Based on the motto of â€Å"

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Sustainable business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sustainable business - Essay Example Landrum, Landrum and Edwards (2009, p. 4) define a sustainable business as that business which guarantees the â€Å"interest of all current and future stakeholders in a manner that ensures the long-term health and survival of the business and its associated economic, social, and environmental systems.† This makes us believe that sustainable businesses focus on how the business is going to affect the current and future consumers and what impact it is going to have on the overall environment. The objective is to create a positive difference in the environment or reducing the negative impact on the environment. We call that such a business is going green since it is environment friendly. A sustainable business is not only able to address the current needs of consumers but also works upon ensuring the well-being of future generations. There is a win-win situation between the business and the environment. Such businesses have built their reputation in the modern world because they boost the economy and provide the human beings with a healthier place to live

Monday, July 22, 2019

How cell phones changed todays society Essay Example for Free

How cell phones changed todays society Essay How cellphones effect people everyday lives today? Cellphones play a bid role in today’s society as many would concur. From when someone wakes up in the morning they instantly checks their profile, messages, or missed calls. Cellphones make it easier to communicate with each other even if there’s a lot of distance between them. They made it to where if someone in Georgia want to talk to someone in New York anytime, then they could without haven to drive or fly to the other destination to. In order to keep the cellphones in business and effective they made different companies, that advertise, sale, keep in order, and produce the product. So to keep the business around each company tries to make the best deals for single and family purposes. They also build more signal towers all around the world to produce more signal than another company, to promise better service. They advertise the company on TV by commercials, on the internet with web site, on the streets with flyer or poster. They also advertise by saying they got the best by comparing there produce or services to others. Other ways like most of today’s phone are high quality with best games, internet, music, and communication. So when someone gets bored the first thing they do is pick up a phone. Most of some people’s day is spent on a cellphone. People now a days are on their phones extremely too much, missing the beauty of life. Not going out doing things hands on, they rather be sucked into cyber life or social media. Researchers found the radiofrequency field generated by your cell phone causes brain tissue to heat up. This proves your brain is absorbing radiation from your cell, study author David Gultekin, Ph.D., a researcher at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York, tells MensHealth.com. Ten studies connect cell phone radiation  to diminished sperm count and sperm damage. Others raise health concerns such as altered brain metabolism, sleep disturbance and behavioral changes in children. Thats why I did research and found a case that can reduce radiation exposure. One of the greatest disadvantages of the cellular phone is the fact that we do not talk to strangers when traveling anymore. In the past, several people waiting for a bus would engage in a conversation while they were waiting. People who traveled the same routes every day might develop friendships along the way. This situation does not happen anymore. Today when people are waiting for a bus, they just pull out their cell phones and speak with old friends, missing out on the opportunity to make new ones. In large cities, many people do not know their neighbors, even though they may have lived in the same neighborhood for years. As a society, we are beginning to lose the face-to-face contact that was such an important part of our lives in the past. Cell phones are a great asset in aiding in our everyday lives. You should remember, however, to hang up every once in a while and pay attention to the world around you.

Self-Driving Cars Are Smart Essay Example for Free

Self-Driving Cars Are Smart Essay The self-driving car is a car that allows a passenger to travel safely and quickly to their destination without human driving (Marsico, 8). These vehicles are also known as â€Å"autonomous cars†. If the self-driving cars are available, people are no longer had to worry about their own safety while driving on the road and also they don’t need a driver license. The drivers will have more freedom to do whatever they wish while inside the car including reading, texting, eating, and sleeping. The vehicle also can set up the speech limit that driver doesnt have to worry about when the police going to meet them. The self-driver cars are also can save our life because every year the new report accidents are caused on the road due to the human drive. â€Å"In 2009, the technology company Google began developing a fleet of a self-driving car. These vehicles are just stepping away from being totally autonomous. They already travel along U.S. roadways. Currently, people who ride in Google’s robotic cars are able to take control at any time† (Marsico, 29). Technology has changed the way we live in many ways, some including being able to communicate with people that we know around the world. It also made things a lot easier like homework and learning. As we can see today the car manufacturers continue to experiment with the new technology. The self-driving car is one of the cars that experiment with the car manufactures. The cars first may need a GPS system to get a rough idea of where they are and where they need to go (Marsico 18). They also have a bunch of sensors to constantly scan the area around them looking for any hazards- whether that another car or a bicycle, or even a rogue bird (Barone). For Google self-driving cars these sensors include a camera to see, and radar and lasers to map out the area (Barone). The self-driving car also monitoring 360 degrees around the car which much better than what a distracted driver could do (Stewart). Most important and challenging facet of self-driving cars is the software that makes them run (Barone). This has to take in all the data from the sensors and GPS and even things like traffic and weather conditions and make decisions based on that. It determines how to steer, stop, and go and everything else involved in getting you from point to point. According to the Katie Marsico said, â€Å"In fact, experts have suggested that self-driving automobiles might around 30,000 lives a year in the United State†. As we can see today some of the people are driving and always cause the accident. The car that we drive today is easy and many people can drive them. They become popular and help people to travel place to place, save time and energy. Workers are able to transfer some important things with the help of the car. Using a car is comfortable and easier than using public transportation. Driving a car has also some disadvantages, such as buying and running a car need a lot of money, even more for a good quality one that is not too old. There are a lot of things to pay for insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, maintenance, parking charges, license fees charged by the government, and repair. When too many cars try to go the same way, the traffic will go slow them all and may cause the accident. According to Watson said, â€Å"More than thirty –four thousand America lost their lives to automobile accidents each year†. The car accident is caused by human-made by a driver who is drunk, sleeps and distracted (Watson 46). If the self-driving becomes popular we may not see the accident because the car will do everything for us. The computer in the self-driving cars are don’t drink, send texts message or fall asleep. We don’t have to worry about keeping our eye on the road and in addition people can be more productive while traveling (Marsico 10). The car also can use the less gasoline because â€Å"fuel contributes to pollution this would benefit the environment too† (Marsico 38). The self-driving cars have also some disadvantages because when they are testing the self-driving car had run the red lights or been in a minor collision (Davies Para 1). I worry about a self-driving car made of the computer. If computer software got virus how can we do? For those who do not know how to use the computer how will they fix their car? It will cost a lot of money to let the shop fix. The amount of software and technology that’s required to build self-driving cars is likely to be quite expensive. Consumers may not want to pay such high costs for self-driving cars. According to Katie Marsico said, â€Å"The technology that makes the self-driving cars works will probably add between $3ooo and $10,000 to car prices† (Page 42). The car also can run on the computer if the hacker can decide that they like your car and can hack the system to unlock the doors to get inside or start the car and drive it away. They can also shut down your vehicle while it is driving you at high speeds and you end up in a fatal crash (Alex Hern Para 3). If the car can drive by them self we may not need the parking lots. Many people might get around with shared vehicles that never have to park (Barone). As we can see today millions of Americans make a living by driving trucks, delivery vans, and taxis. When the technology of self-driving cars takes their job, what will happen to their livelihoods? They depend on their paycheck and if the paycheck is no longer work, the person and his family often cannot afford to pay their living. The families will end up with losing a home and they cannot afford to move into another residence and will end up their life with homeless.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

Operations Management Business Plan

Operations Management Business Plan The Operation Management plays a major role in the organization. Operations management (OM) is the business action that plans, organizes, coordinates, and controls the assets bare to aftermath a companys appurtenance and services. Operations management is an administrative function. For example restaurant has different functions include purchasing, receiving, controlling, and requisition of raw material. Operations management deals with the architecture and administration of products, processes, and casework and accumulation chains. It considers the acquisition, development, and appliance of assets that firms charge to bear the appurtenances and casework their audience want. As the name suggests, the job of an operations manager in any alignment is to architecture and administer the activities in such a way, that the plan abundance of the advisers goes up as able-bodied as best appliance of the concrete assets of the alignment can be achieved. It is one of the capital responsibilities of an operations manager. One of the responsibilities of an operations Manager is to accommodate the advisers of the alignment with an able alive ambiance area adroitness can advance and aggregation spirit can develop the process. In my country Hotel is a major private sector what I observed. So I will discuss about the problems and challenges that are faced by the hotel industry. The main aim of the hotel industry is giving accommodation and food for the customers. There are different types of hotels depend upon the services provided to the customers. For example apartment hotel, commercial hotels, economy hotels, resorts, residential villas, etc. The Hotel industry is one of the most important industries for the country growth. The hotel industry is a complete industry apparent from acute competition. Market allotment increases about comes at a competitors expense. Industry-wide, a lot of advance occurs in the international, rather than the domestic, arena. Employees, customers, competitors, government, suppliers, are the main for the hotel business to grow and getting profits. The Taj Hotel The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL) and its subsidiaries are collectively known as Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces and is recognized as one of Asias largest and finest hotel company. Incorporated by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata, the company opened its first property. Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces comprises 93 hotels in 55 locations across India with an additional 16 international hotels in the Maldives, Malaysia, Australia, UK, USA, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Africa and the Middle East. Literature Review/ Situation Analysis Operational management is regularly changing the new challenges for organization in the world. In the present century technology plays a very important role in the growth of every company. The world is shrinking because of technology, and the efficiency of all industries in the world has increased because of technology. In the same way the operation management is also developing with the advancement in technology. The direct result of this is the companies development, growth and increasing profits Operations Management has been recognized as an important agency in a countrys bread-and-butter growth. Operations Management was identified, as account area became added prominence. Rapid changes in technology have an Irish abundant opportunities and challenges, Rapid changes in technology have Irish abundant opportunities and challenges, which accept resulted in the accessory of manufacturing capabilities through new materials, facilities, techniques and procedures. Hence, managing an account arrangement has become an above claiming in the all-around aggressive environment. Operations management has been a key aspect in the advance and abundance in business around the world. In the Hotel scenario compare with operation management is goods in the terms of services like food, accommodation, like inputs to the customers and the outputs getting revenue to the hotel through customer paid money for the services received by the company. The Taj hotel is becomes one of the major 5 star category hotels in the world now. Generally the Taj hotel have different departments are present every where in the world. There are mainly two types of departments are exists in the hotel as follows Operational Department Administration Department These two department have again some branch departments are present as follows Operational Departments Food and Beverage Service Department Food and Beverage kitchen Department Housekeeping Department Front Office Department Administration Department Human Resource Department Security department Engineering and Maintenance department Sales and Marketing department Cost control department Provision department Finance and account department Food and Beverage Kitchen Department Kitchen is major department in the kitchen. In this department food will be cooked and maintained in hygiene way and will be served to the guest in the restaurant. In the Taj hotel kitchen they follow specific rules in the kitchen, the have different operation has to perform as it follows Get permission to use the kitchen. Wash your hands easily with soap and baptize afore starting your kitchen preparations. Continually ablution easily as bare like affecting the debris can or acrimonious up items from the floor. Re-read the cooking method several times. Accept all of the all-important ingredients. Put them out on the counter. Wash vegetables afore affable it. use the altered colors ample to anticipate aliment poisoning use apple-pie surfaces dont apprehend in the food dont accumulate meat so continued out of the freezer accumulate your accessories clean Get out all of the accessories like pans and barometer cups. Use oven pot holders if demography aliment in and out of the oven. Clean as you go along. Do NOT leave pots on the stove afterwards you are done application them. According to the designation cooks do their Operations in the kitchen. as follows Executive Chef: Executive chef is the person is responsible for the total actives in the kitchen. In ample operations, Executive Chef may accomplish authoritative duties alone and administer an amount of chefs. In operation, the Executive Chef or chef may both accomplish authoritative and assembly duties. in the kitchen (planning, conducting, training, hiring/firing).Responsible for Planning Menus (with restaurant mgr). Responsible for Recipe standardization, Has Knowledge and acquaintance in International and bounded cuisine. Sous chef: He is responsible for in the kitchen functions after executive chef. He will take care of the menu planning and briefing in the kitchen. Chef de partie: He is the in charge in the cooking in the staff food and head of the department. He will do roaster of the staff and records of food. Food and Beverage service Department This is sister department for the kitchen department. This department is having responsible room service, banquets, restaurants, lounges and pubs in the hotel. This department main aim is service food and beverages to guest in the hotel. Food is done in the kitchen and beverages made in the bar. They are different types of restaurants are present in the hotel like service restaurants, Fine dining restaurants, specialty restaurants, Food and beverage Manger: He is the in charge of all operations are held in the restaurant. He will do supervise of all the staff grooming, menu planning, The major Opeartion doing in the food and beverage service The major operation is serving the food and beverage in the restaurant or room service to the guest in the hotel. Making the cocktails and mock tails in front of the guest. Arrange the tables for the breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Making arrangements for the buffet service Communicate and co ordinate with the guest about food and beverages. Take feedback from the guest about food. Housekeeping Department This is backbone for the hotel industry. This is also one of the important departments in the hotel. The Main aim of the department is to keep the hotel premises and rooms in the hotel cleanly. The Major duty for the housekeeping staff is to clean the total areas in the hotel, rooms, staff areas, lockers in the kitchen. Beside that they are responsible for the decorating with the flowers in the rooms in the hotel. The major Operations are present in the housekeeping department as follows Guest Rooms: housekeeping department has to check the guest room before and after guest arrival and departure. Before the guest comes in the hotel they have to clean the room and keep all the amenities in the room and check all the fixtures are working properly or not. Once guest left the hotel they have to clean again room and any leftover by the guest they have to submit in the front office department in the hotel. Public areas: This public area includes lobby, Gym, lockers of staff, kids club etc. the public areas should clean regular basis in the hotel. Linen and laundry: This is place where all the clothes will be cleaned and given to the guest and staff of the hotel as well. So this place is the main for the hotel to keep it clean and fresh. Front Office Department This is the sister department for the housekeeping department. This department called public face department because once guest comes to the hotel he will see only front office people in the hotel. This department is centre of hotel functions. They have different operations has to perform in the hotel like guest receiving, welcoming, send guest in to room and explain the facilities in the room available in the hotel. Different Front Office people have to perform different operations doing in the hotel is as follows Executive Front office Manger: He is responsible person for the operation happening in the Front office department. He will prepare the duty roaster for the staff in the department. Prepare the records and reports of the guest. Reception: This department will provide the information about hotel and different departments in the hotel. They will attend the calls from the guest and answer and advise them in the corrective manner. Bell service: He is the responsible for the guest luggage. He will escort the guest till the room and explain the facilities present in the room. He will full details of the safety and security plans also. Concierge: she is the accountable person for the guest complaints. She will suggest the solution for guest problems. She will advise the guest for the about services in the hotel means about arrange Transportation, Plan for outing, reservation for the table in the restaurant. Night Auditor: He is the most important back office person in the hotel. He will prepare records of guest accounts and review the revenue of the hotel regularly in the month basis. All operations aftermath articles and casework by alteration inputs into outputs application an input-transformation-output process. Put simply, operations are processes that yield in a set of ascribe assets which are used to transform something, or are adapted themselves, into outputs of articles and services. And although all operations accommodate to this accepted input-transformation-output model, they alter in the attributes of their speci ¬Ã‚ c inputs and outputs. Outputs INPUTS Transformation In the same way The Taj Hotel has also do the same process like Input-transformation-output. In the hotel industry various departments are present include food and beverage department, housekeeping, front office etc. The Taj hotel also has some of the Challenges and problems facing are as follows The different the Taj hotel has facing different challenges and problems during in the hotel. Materials: This is one of the major inputs for the hotel industry for every department. The Taj hotel also facing with supply of materials from suppliers. In the positive way In the Food and beverage department as in the kitchen department inputs like raw material means vegetable then they transform into the food. It is going to be served to the guest. If the guest likes the food he will have another order and automatically revenue increases. Information In The Taj hotel some times they are facing about information about guest as well as employees. And they dont have proper information other hotels revenue and occupancy. Front office staff has information about all the departments in the hotel and services available in the hotel. So Front office people can easily guide the guest in good manner. The guest also will feel happy to come again. The hotel will get reputed guest regularly. The hotel will get nice name as well. Customers: The Taj Hotel people say CUSTOMER IS GOD. So for this situation hotel does not have any difficulty about guest because they have reputed guest. In these manner customers has to satisfy by the hotel staff through services. Once the customer pleased with the staff then customers will advise to their friends to come to the hotel. So customer also one of the best for the hotel to improve the growth and revenue of the hotel. Facilities: The Taj Hotel provides several facilities for the customers and staff also. But some of the staff in the hotel feeling uncomfortable with the hotel facelifts. These facilities may vary from hotel to hotel. Generally The Taj hotel facilities include swimming pool, gym, kids club, Wi-Fi, pick up and drop, good ambience etc. The hotel revenue is depending upon the facilities given by the hotel to the customers. Staff: In the Taj hotel staff is very experience and more innovative people. And almost all the staff has staying since to many years in the Taj itself. All the operation is done by the hotel staff in the hotel. Every person has their own duties and responsibilities. Everyone has to coordinate and communicate each other for smooth running of the hotel business. Trained Staff will work efficiently to get the goals completed in the organization. Coordination This is major function followed in the Taj hotels. Some times there are not appropriate coordination between branches. In the hotel premises they follow exact coordination for get task done. This is also very important for the hotel to achieve desired goals in the hotel. Coordination is the act of organizing, authoritative altered humans or things plan calm for an ambition or aftereffect to accomplish adapted goals in an organization. Coordination is an authoritative action in which altered activities of the business are appropriately adapted and interlinked. In the hotel every coordination in need for employee to employee to get the task done. And also co ordination require between departments to departments also for the hotel. Communication Communication is plays vital role in the business. The Taj hotel has very good communication between employees as well departments. So thats way they become top most hotels in the world. In every department in the hotel must work with proper communication between employees and departments as well. Every operation or work needs corrective communication. The advice action is complete already the receiver has accepted the bulletin of the sender. Thus advice cans action beyond all-inclusive distances in time and space. Housekeeping Engineering and Maintenance Purchasing and cost control Finance and accounting Sales and Marketing Human Resource Front office and GRE Food and Beverage Operations Function Results and Analysis The Taj Hotel operations manager is amenable over the all-embracing circadian operations in a Hotel. The operations manager is ultimately the one amenable for authoritative abiding that aggregate in the hotel runs smoothly, that the The Taj Hotel is in acceptable adjustment and that the hotel is authoritative a profit. Some of the departments that a Hotel Operations Manager oversees cover the foreground desk, housekeeping, animal resources, and aliment service. The The Taj Hotel Operations Manager is as well in allegation of authoritative abiding that the guests accept a absolute acquaintance and will wish to break again. Part of this includes ambidextrous with guests alone including any complaints that arise The The Taj Hotel Operations Manager position is altered from added OM fields because it deals accurately with aspects in a hotel. This agency that the position can as well crossover into chump account and as well resources. Along with defective the authoritative and authoritative abilities archetypal of OM jobs, a Hotel Operations Manager will as well charge to be acceptable at ambidextrous with humans and a abundant communication. The Taj Hotel operations Manager Controls all the departments such as aliment production, aliment beverages, housekeeping, foreground appointment again alone one operations Manager could be appointed. Operations Manager is the one who handles in-charge all operation of the company. He is amenable of mission eyes of the company. His duties are to accredit who can handle the accomplishing of the assignment the arrangement of the operations to the subordinates. Overlooks the operations guides the arrangement in administration the assembly deliveries. The Taj Hotel Operations Managers are personalities who adore alive with people. They accept to adore affair the assorted guests and accouterment for their generally assorted needs. They accept to as well accept personality characteristics including the adeptness to adapt abounding altered operations, assay budgets, break problems and multitask. The The Taj Hotel operations Manager is amenable for authoritative abiding the hotel is authoritative money and alive aural its allotted budget. The operations Manager will generally be the one to accomplish the alarm on authoritative aliment and will sometimes accomplish added decisions that advice access the advantage of the hotel as a whole.The Taj Hotel operations managers are amenable for authoritative abiding hotel guests accept the best acquaintance accessible during their break in the hotel so that they may in about-face adjudge to book addition break at the hotel. The Taj Hotel operations managers will accomplish decisions that they anticipate will advance the all-embracing acquaintance for guests, including hotel adornment and staffing. Although all operations processes are agnate in that they all transform inputs, they do alter in an amount of ways. They are Volume Variety Variation Visibility Volume The volume has altered implications whether it is in a top or low. In the low levels of volume, the companys operations accept specific characteristics such as accepting low alliteration in the accustomed procedures, anniversary agents affiliate performs added than one job in added words they are multifunctional, beneath approach and top assemblage costs. In the top levels of volume, the companys operations accept its own specific characteristics such accepting top repeatability in the accustomed procedures, there will be specialization, systemization, added basic accelerated and low assemblage costs. It also important for the business. Variety The variety function has its own association as able-bodied whether it is top or low. In the top ancillary of the calibration there will be added adaptability in the procedure, complex, the aggregation will accomplish abiding to needs and of advance the assemblage amount will be high. If the aggregation is in the low ancillary of the calibration the procedures will be able-bodied defined, there will be routine, standardization, and of advance low assemblage cost. Variation The variation in appeal has abounding implications that can be apparent from the companys characteristics. If the aggregation is in the top levels of appeal aberration again it has alteration capacity, apprehension for what the chump ability demand, flexibility, in blow with appeal and top assemblage cost. While in the added ancillary of the scale, the aggregation would accept an abiding and anticipated demand, routine, top appliance of assets and low assemblage cost. Visibility The visibility function which is the clue his or her adjustment through its altered stages has its implications whether it is top or low. If it is top the barter accept abbreviate cat-and-mouse tolerance, achievement absolute by chump perception, chump acquaintance abilities are bare and actual important and the accept array is absolutely high. And if it is low, the time lag amid assembly and consumption, there will be standardization, the chump acquaintance abilities will not be actual important or needed, the aggregation accept to accept a top agents appliance and centralization. A The Taj Hotel operations Manager is amenable for ambidextrous with any complaints guests may accept about their break in the hotel. The operations Manager will allege with guests about issues they may accept and plan with them against the best resolution to the both eration for both parties. Operations management leads the way for the organizations to accomplish its goals with minimum effort. The role of operations management is to transform a companys inputs into the  ¬Ã‚ nished appurtenances or services. Inputs cover assets (such as workers and managers), accessories and processes as able-bodied as materials, technology, and information. Outputs are the appurtenances and casework an aggregation produces. The set of communal administration activities, which are complex in accomplishment assertive products, is alleged as assembly management. If the aforementioned abstraction is continued to casework management, then the agnate set of administration activities is alleged as operations management .Another above cold of operating systems is to advance assets for the accomplishment of customer wants effectively. Inefficient use of assets or bare chump service leads to bartering abortion of an operating system. Operations management is anxious about with the utilization of resources, i.e. obtaining maximum aftereffect from assets or minimizing their loss, beneath utilization of waste. The admeasurements of the utilization of the resources abeyant ability are bidding in agreement of the admeasurements of available time acclimated or occupied, amplitude utilization, levels of activity, etc. Each admeasurements indicates the admeasurements to which the ambient or accommodation of such assets is utilized. This is referred as the cold of resource utilization In all of operations managements absolute and aberrant activities there is a charge to acquaint both with centralized agents and with alien customers, suppliers and the broader community. How abundant of a branch managers time is spent on altered activities, and how the accent of anniversary is changing. Consulting and communicating with operations agents acutely takes up an ample bulk of these operation managers time to ensure that the concrete and the assets of the alignment are able to aftermath the appropriate superior and bulk of appurtenances and casework at the appropriate time and cost, so that chump expectations and requirements can be met. Leadership and administration of assets and humans active is cardinal to the role of an operations manager, which as well involves advancing the affairs budgets, managing the programs, authoritative the employees plan and assuredly evaluating the agent performance. The Operational Manager needs to accept the achievement requirements of the process. The operational Manager is amenable to advise action operators how to accomplish the processes. The operational Manager is amenable to actualize advance accomplishments to abide the achievement. The Operational Manager needs to accept the achievement requirements of the process. The operational Manager is amenable to advise action operators how to accomplish the processes. The operational Manager is amenable to actualize advance accomplishments to abide the achievement issues that are particular during their assay of the action and Action Operator achievement data. The hotel operations Manager works anon with staff, affective them to do the best job accessible and accommodate abundant account to hotel guests. A The Taj Hotel operations Manager will as well generally authority training sessions with agents to advice them become acquainted with hotel behavior and actuate them to advice the hotel succeed. The Taj Hotel operations managers are not appropriate to accept any specific educational or acquaintance background. Most beyond The Taj Hotels will appoint managers with several years acquaintance alive in the hotel industry. Preference for jobs is about accustomed to those who accept a amount in accommodation administration or a affidavit in hospitality. Conclusion and References To sum it up all it is clearly says that the Operational Management is plays very important role in the every business in the world. Operational manager is main key for entire business operations. He is the person The Taj hotel is run by the operational departments. These operational departments are only main source of the revenue of the hotel. In every department has different functions has to perform. So the manager played a vital role in the operation in the hotel industry. The Manager wills responsibility for the entire operation done in the hotel. He is the person control and manage all operations performed in the hotel. They follow every same operation in every hotel in all over the world. With help of operation Management the Taj hotel make easy their operations in the business.

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Allen Ginsberg’s America and Kerouac’s Vanity of Puluoz :: Ginsberg America Essays

Allen Ginsberg’s America and Kerouac’s Vanity of Puluoz    Throughout the words and the lives of the Beat Generation, one theme is apparent: America, everywhere from Allen Ginsberg’s â€Å"America,† to Jack Kerouac’s love for Thomas Wolfe. Although the views of America differ, they all find some reason to focus in on this land. Ginsberg, in his poem â€Å"America,† makes a point that not many of us can see as obvious: â€Å"It occurs to me that I am America. I am talking to myself again.† Each and every one of us make up America, and when we complain about something that is wrong, we are complaining about ourselves. Being raised by his mother as a Communist, and being homosexual, Ginsberg found many things wrong with America, and he does his fare share of complaining, but at the end he decides, â€Å"America I’m putting my queer shoulder to the wheel.† Ginsberg didn’t want to sit and watch everything go wrong. He was going to do something, despite the fact that he was not the ideal Amer ican. Kerouac’s view of America was completely different from Ginsberg’s view. Kerouac saw America as a beautiful place, with many unexplored regions for himself, and the rest of the people in the country. Kerouac credited his love for America to Thomas Wolfe. In Kerouac’s book Vanity of Puluoz he said that Wolfe made him realize that America was not a dreary place to work and struggle in, it was a poem. If everybody thought of America as a poem rather than a place where we just come to in order to live work and die, this country would be the ideal place that Kerouac wanted it to be. The â€Å"Night of the Wolfeans† was an event in the lives of the Beats that affected them for a long time. It brought together all of the Beat’s feelings toward America. They were put into two categories: â€Å"Wolfeans,† and â€Å"non-Wolfeans.† Kerouac and Hal Chase were heterosexual, all-American boys who believed in America, the perfect image of the American citizen. The non-Wolfeans (William Burroughs and Ginsberg) were also known as â€Å"Baudelaireans† or â€Å"Black Priests.† They wanted to destroy the Wolfeans and all that they believed in. The Beats felt that everybody fell into one of these two categories. One thing that all the Beats agreed upon, was that in order to truly become a great writer, you had to be considered an American writer.

Friday, July 19, 2019

The Watch and Livvie :: Literature Control Essays

The Watch and Livvie Solomon's silver watch contained multifaceted significance with regard to his character and it's effect on Livvie--it represented prestige and wealth, control and obsession, and a life of dark retreat. For Solomon the watch represented the prestige and wealth that were rarely attained by colored people. "For he was a colored man that owned his land and had it written down in the courthouse." (P. 85) Yet the watch also had another dimensionCit meant control over his life and his possessions, including Livvie. Livvie watched Solomon as he slept. She wondered what he might be dreaming about "He might be dreaming of what time it was, for even through his sleep he kept track of it like a clock, and knew how much of it went by, and waked up knowing where the hands were even before he consulted the silver watch that he never let go." (P. 89) Solomon exhibited control in all areas of his life--he planted his bottle trees to keep evil spirits away from his home, he had a clean dirt yard, and he evenly planted his roses on either side of the house. (P. 86) Knowing he owned these possessions, I believe, gave Solomon the feeling he controlled his life. The white man or anyone else did not control him. Livvie viewed this control as strict, but it was obsession. Unfortunately, all this control had a very negative impact on Livvie. She lived in a sheltered world--a world she did not see. She saw what she could get out to see--almost what she could steal--even in her mind. "But what if she would walk now into the heart of the fields and take a hoe and work until she fell stretched out and drenched with her efforts, like other girls, and laid her cheek against the laid-open earth and shamed the old man with her humbleness and delight?

Cultural Evolution vs. Technological Innovation Essay examples -- Expl

Cultural Evolution vs. Technological Innovation Historically, in the relationship between human culture and technology, cultural evolution has lagged behind the pace of technological innovation. Technology is the human solution to fulfilling human needs. As these needs change, new technologies will supplement the old ones; inevitably changing the culture which created it, resulting in a co-evolution of technology and culture; and impacting the future of their culture. The disparate rate of cultural vs. technological evolution has consequences which cloud the prospect of the future of the human race unless we change the historical blueprint and try to thwart our disposition towards ignoring the responsibility we have today for the world we will live in tomorrow. Cultural evolution is the nature of human interaction, their relationship with the environment and the immediate and long term trajectory of these interactions as influenced by inherited knowledge, lifestyle and customs is how a culture adapts itself to the progress within and around it. Morgan "saw the history of human cultures as a progression from savagery, through barbarism to civilization" (Chant 54). This progression was inevitably caused by technology. Technological innovation is increasing human mastery over resources and sources of energy. Technology has developed because of humans' "fear of death that our consciousness keeps lurking in the background". Technology historically has given solutions to the problems of survival by creating more efficient ways to get food and energy. However, after humans establish themselves at the top of the food chain, although the threshold between survival and comfort is unclear; human focus shifts from brute survival... ...chnologies than to change the cultures. The earth has reached the threshold, of human life that can be supported; in order to survive, humans need to take a two fold approach- the industrialized world needs to put into practice green energies; and all human cultures need to anticipate the macroevolutionary consequences of the daily culture and lifestyle. Choices need to be made, keeping sustainability in mind. History has shown that human law, religion, government and policy greatly influence cultural macroevolution. Sources Chant, Colin. Pre-industrial Cities & Technology. London: Routledge. 1999. Cipolla, C. M. Epilog from â€Å"Guns, Sails, and Empires: Technological Innovation and the Early Phases of European Expansion, 1400-1700.† Sunflower Univ. Press, 1996. Ehrlich, Paul R., in Human Natures: Genes Cultures, and the Human Prospect, Island Press, 2000.

Thursday, July 18, 2019

B&Q Case Study

Contents Executive Summary3 1. TASK ONE4 1. 1 Introduction4 1. 2 Possession and practice4 3. 3 B&Q case5 3. TASK TWO8 3. 1 Introduction8 3. 2 Time distance9 3. 3 Technological distance10 3. 4 Social distance10 3. 5 Cultural distance11 4. Bibliography13 Executive Summary In a modernized and globalized world, knowledge creation and synergization of knowledge in an organization is truly crucial.As data and information are readily available, and information communication technology (ICT) has highly advanced, organizations such as B&Q need to understand how knowledge creation can assist to improve internal and external processes and also encourage innovation. In task one, the aim is to differentiate between possession of knowledge and practice of knowledge and examine which epistemology B&Q uses throughout their supply chain. B&Q uses possession knowledge whereby it provides all their vendors with a code of conduct guidelines which they need to follow through.However, in the face of risk and uncertainty in an economic crisis, B&Q should adopt practice of knowledge and enabling people to do differently and better. In task two, the statement by Stoneman (2010) means that trust and power are the main factors that drive product, process and organizational innovation. For B&Q, due to their power as the distributor, they are able to develop and lay down the process and procedures that all their vendors need to adhere to. However, in an economic crisis, its regimental practice may ot work as uncertainty disrupts the flow of the procedures. 1. TASK ONE 1. 1 Introduction The studies on knowledge and its characteristics have long been explored and discussed in the business and supply chain world. With the emergent of technology and innovation, the possession and practice of knowledge has become more essential in this â€Å"knowledge society† (Nonaka, 1994; Bell, 1973; Drucker, 1968; Toffler, 1990). But what is knowledge and how does an organization activate and generat e knowledge?Knowledge is defined as â€Å"awareness, consciousness, or familiarity gained by experience or learning† (knowledge, n. d) which are the ways people in a social situations would understand and make sense of where they are and what they are doing. When knowledge is conducted and embraced in an organization, it will result to a group of people who develop shared beliefs, behaviours and routines that shape organization capabilities. Experts such as Polanyi (1966), Nonaka (1994) and Cook and Brown (1999) divide knowledge into two categories called tacit knowledge and explicit knowledge.Tacit knowledge is associated with the skills or know-how that people developed through their own experience in specific contexts. Whereas explicit knowledge is something that has been codified, written down or spelled out and is communicable across context. 1. 2 Possession and practice From the word possession itself, one can understand that it is about the knowledge that people have i n their mind (Cook and Brown, 1999). Blackler (1995), and Cook and Brown (1999) refer possesion of knowledge as â€Å"knowledge† and practice of knowledge as â€Å"knowing†.Knowledge is a mental or cognitive capacity which is hierarchical in nature and comprises of data, information etc. moreover, possession of knowledge is a personal property where people render meaning from subjective experiences, perceptions and previous understanding. As human minds are individually unique, hence different people may perceive and intepret the same information or data differently. Meanwhile, practice of knowledge sees knowledge as something that it developed through social interaction such as project work, group assignment or group discussion.When people practice knowledge, they convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, thus transferring knowledge from one person to another. This is done through sharing stories, experiences or creating norms to a group of people hence enablin g the experience of an individual to be related to a wider community. 3. 3 B&Q case B&Q plc works with many vendors such as Kingfisher Asia (KAL) who supply products to B&Q. Hence to manage their vendors and ensure processes and procedures are followed, B&Q come up with code of conduct (B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains) for all their vendors.The code of conduct is based on the international labour and envirnmental standards set by the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Conventions which factories and worksites of all vendors throughout the world need to comply to. In summary, vendors need to let B&Q have full visibility of the enitre supply chain and fulfill and obey the code of conduct criteria at all facilities. Any failure to meet the nine Critical Failure Points (CFPs) will result in B&Q not buying or purchasing their products.Through this code of conduct, we can deduce that B&Q adopts a possession of knowledge rather than practice of knowledge. B&Q receives know ledge about labour and environmental guidelines from ILO conventions and uses the basic context to write down or capture in an information technology (IT) system which is then made available as an organizational resource – B&Q Operational Standards for Supply Chains. This is in contrast of having a group discussion with the vendors and seeking their opinions and views on how to create a better working environment for the workers (practice of knowledge).For example, Baer (1987) and Abbott (1988) explained that in order to defend their position, occupational groups such as doctors would write down or ‘black box’ their skills and knowledge which is then used by others as guidelines or instructions to follow. B&Q is following the same concept as they wish to guard their position as a responsible organization or employer where the rights of all workers throughout the world are respected and protected. Thus, this results to an encoded knowledge (Blackler, 1995) for the vendors as information is transmited through the code of conduct.Unlike an individual or specialist ‘black box’, the construction of the code of conduct requires the involvement of a group of people. This method of knowledge creation follows Nonaka’s SECI framework where it is a spiralling process of interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge (Nonaka,1994; Nonaka & Toyama, 2003). The SECI framework consists of four knowledge conversion processes; Socialization, Externalization, Combination and Internalization; which can be seen in Figure 1. The breakdown for B&Q case is as follow: 1.Socialization – The ILO standards which was made known to the B&Q management assist them to create their own knowledge or set of standards which vendors are to adhere. 2. Externalization – B&Q management then decides to have their on set of guidelines in accordance to ILO standards and form a group to write down the code of conduct. 3. Combination – We beli eved that during the process of writing down the code of conduct, B&Q managerial level will each provide inputs and opinions based on the organization’s mission and values on what and how to write down.Once drafted, the Head of Human Resource Department will read it through and request for any necessary adjustments. Once finalized, the Chairman or Head of B&Q will give the approval to codified and disseminate the code of conduct to all the vendors. 4. Internalization – Vendors will then read the instructions and ensure all CFPs are met. For any areas which fail to comply, site management of the vendors will then follow the guidelines to make changes and improvements. Figure 1: SECI model of knowledge creation Source: Nonaka & Toyama (2003)However, Nonaka SECI framework downplays the difference of interest, power and political dynamics which people and organizations face everyday. Thus, during an economic crisis, B&Q may approach innovation differently due to the uncert ainty and adversity faced in a crisis. According to Tsoukas (1996) and Schauer (1991), even though organizations can make assumptions and obtain knowledge from previous economic crisis where similar conditions are seen, the formulate strategy may not work perfectly according to what the organizations believed as there are still uncertainty.Meaning to say, a strategy used in a crisis five years ago may not generate the same result due to the difference in technology, people’s mindset and other relating conditions. B&Q need to adopt practice of knowledge during a crisis as information may not be readily available since people and other organizations are wary and may not disclose essential information in order to survive the crisis. With competition between rival organizations getting tougher, B&Q needs to learn, practice and embodied skills and knowledge which increases their chance of survival (Barnett & Burgelman, 1996).As mentioned by Hitt et al (2007), a multilevel research approach to encourage employees to have better understanding of the strategy implemented by B&Q management. Hence, B&Q through providing an enabling context, B&Q allow its employees to do things differently and better. For example, when selecting their vendors, B&Q can not just rely on which vendor is able to adhere to its code of conduct. B&Q also need to look into the pricing, capability and other characteristic of the particular vendor.B&Q vendor management team need to have further dicussion with sales, procurement and operations team to gain their opinions and views on which vendors to select. With the current vendors, B&Q need to adopt open communication and discuss with them on how the crisis is affecting their perfomance and compliance towards the code of conduct. Another example is due to the crisis, a vendor had to lay off several staff and workers due reducing their headcount. Hence in order to meet B&Q rders, the vendor’s workers may need to work extra hours whic h is over the local law. Through discussion, B&Q may allow the vendor to carry out the new process until the economy stablize and the vendor is able to employ more workers. 3. TASK TWO 3. 1 Introduction Stoneman (2010) mentioned that â€Å"product, process and organizational innovation are socially and politically mediated processes†. This means that through social relationship and even political standing in an organization; product, process and organizational innovation are being conceptualized.Jackson (2001) noted that the real-world issues and situations do not match up to traditional disciplinary boundaries due to the inequality in the capitalist world. Therefore, trust and power play an essential role in the development of knowledge and innovation. Internally at B&Q, their managers may see themselves as the authority towards process and organizational innovation. For example, a manager has the power to decide on how his department should be run in order to meet the depar tment and organization goals.And through his relationship and interaction with the staffs, he may perceive a staff as capable if able to follow the process and excel in it. Hence, to gain trust and acknowledgement, employees compete and motivate each other to do better at what they do and also provide suggestions to the manager on improving certain situations or issues. As highlighted by Hardy and Dougherty (1997), depending on the organization’s culture and its board of management, resource power and process power can either work against or aligned with innovation.However, without meaning and a direction to support the need for innovation, people will notbe motivated to innovate. For example, the warehousing staffs at B&Q may face difficulties in picking the correct product. Thus, with its power, the warehouse manager can arrange a group discussion with the warehousing team leaders and their IT department to create a new process whereby the product are bar-coded and connecte d to a system which will provide the product information when it is scanned.Externally, when working with their supply chain members such as customers and suppliers, B&Q managers can use either its power or trust to ensure compliance are met by the suppliers and customers continue to purchase from B&Q. For example, the board of management has the authority to continue or discontinue the services of a vendor depending on its compliance and performance. However, during an economic crisis where risk and uncertainty are faced, B&Q managers may react to similar situation or innovation differently.B&Q decisions on innovation, processes and products are affected by four types of distance – time, technological, social and cultural. 3. 2 Time distance Due to the changes in time, environment and conditions, certain processes or procedures that B&Q managers created may not be applicable in an economic crisis. Moreover, the decisions B&Q managers made in a previous crisis are also not ap plicable even though the conditions are similar because there is still uncertainty whether the outcome would be the same.The finance department will be more guarded on the expenses and budget thus setting a more thorough process of other departments to ensure waste are minimized and costs are low. In a study done by Hardy and Dougherty (1997), innovators or managers in an anti-innovation environment would solve their problems through methods and ways which hamper innovation whereas in a pro-innovation environment, innovators are able to incorporate the organization’s resources, processes and meaning to develop an more suitable and effective product.Thus, in relation to the crisis, B&Q managers may tackle a deparment issue by pushing away the problematic function and work its way around it. 3. 3 Technological distance As ICT becomes highly advanced, B&Q need to be selective of the information and tacit knowledge that is available widely. This is because not all tacit knowledge is applicable to B&Q’s strategy and that an overflow of information will result to overloading and poor decision making. Through market and technology knowledge, innovators are able to examine problems, communicate and collaboratively develop new products for the organization (Dougherty et al, 2000).However, in an economic crisis, technology knowledge that is necessary for innovation may not be readily available or cost effective to the organization. Faced with uncertainty, B&Q board of management may decide to take on a survival mode concept and develop process such as budget control to restrict unnecessary cost and waste. Thus, if an innovator in B&Q requires a certain technology to assist in its development of new product, he need to go through many levels of strict procedures in order to attain approval. 3. 4 Social distanceDuring an economic crisis, organizations face many problems and situations as they try their hardest to survive and go through the crisis without a m ajor disruption or impact. Due to the uncertainty and risk, managers need to respond quickly and effectively. Even in a crisis, Jackson (2006) noted that managers need to ensure their processes are efficient and effective, staffs are motivated and knowledge is created and enhanced. This is to ensure that the organization is constantly better than their rivals thus surviving the crisis.While ICT and innovation should still move on in a crisis; being a regimental organization; B&Q managers follow routine and have the power to make innovation unlawful through rewarding short-term results, punishing mistakes and even not rendering the support needed for innovation (Hardy & Dougherty, 1997). Not only does this kills innovation in B&Q, the staff would also be less motivate to innovate as they unable to relate a specific project with B&Q’s strategy (Van de Ven and Polley, 1992; Hardy and Dougherty, 1997; Dougherty & Heller, 1994).Hence, B&Q board of management need to re-evaluate it s organization strategy and procedures if it wishes to maintain in the industry. Jackson (2006) suggest organizations to adopt creative holism which is a set of guidelines that are multi-paradigm, multi-methodology and multi-method in nature. Through holism, organizatons look at the situation at a macro and organizational level, thus assuring that the departments are connected and performing together as a whole.Dougherty et al (2000) explained that since organizational knowledge and learning involves many different processes, a focal point or objevtive is essential to ensure one is taking the right path. Pelz and Andrews (1966) recognized that the efforts to combine and link market and technology knowledge across and throughout the organization is often met and filled with tensions. Thus, B&Q need to incorporate these two factor and be less rigid if it wishes to produce and gain new ideas, products and processes (Weick and Westley, 1996). 3. 5 Cultural distanceKingfisher plc, the pa rent company of B&Q, is a United Kingdom (UK) based retailer that offers do-it-yourself (DIY), home decorations and home improvement products to their 6 million customers (Kingfisher, 2012). To meet their international market and demand, Kingfisher plc has overseas sourcing offices in India and Poland that act as a supplier to B&Q. To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, Kingfisher plc has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and cultivate the Kingfisher plc working culture.However, this will be a tough challenge for example, in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, Kingfisher plc needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, but without losing its main mission and strategy. To ensure this is executed properly, Kingfisher plc needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. An economic crisis affects countries differently, depending on where the crisis originates .However, due to globalization, a crisis in the European Union (EU) nations will have a ripple effect, thus affecting neighbouring countries and countries that depend on the EU economy and market. Likewise, if an economic crisis hits India where one of B&Q suppliers is located at, B&Q need to gather information and data from news reports and the India supplier’s representative, and analyse the data before making a decision on how to overcome the crisis and what B&Q should do to ensure that the crisis in India do not disrupt the entire supply chain.To ensure accurate and timely information and knowledge is recevied, Swan and Scarbrough (2005) suggest organizations to adopt a networked innovation process where the innovation procedures is collaborated in the network arrangements within and between organizations (Alter & Hage, 1993; Owen-Smith & Powell, 2004; Powell et al, 1996). B&Q needs to view networks as a means of communication where knowledge and information are dissemina ted (Swan & Scarbrough, 2005) and thus, adopting a open sharing concept where individuals and groups are allow to interact and exchange knowledge and information. 4. Bibliography Abbott, A. 1988). The system of professions: An essay on the division of expert labour. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Alter, C. , & Hage, J. (1993). Organizations working together. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Baer, W. (1987). Expertise and professional standards. Work and Occupations, 13, 532-522. Barnett, W. P. , & Burgelman, R. A. (1996). Evolutionary Perspectives on Strategy. Strategic management journal, 17, 5-19. Bell, D. (1973). The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A Venture Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books. Blackler, F. (1995). Knowledge, knowledge work and organizations: An overview and interpretation.Organization studies, 16(6), 1021-1046. Cook, S. D. , & Brown, J. S. (1999). Bridging Epistemologies: The Generative Dance Between Organizational Knowledge and Organizational Knowing. Or ganization Science, 10(4), 381-400. Dougherty, D. , & Heller, T. (1994). The illegitimacy of successful new products in large firms. Organization Science, 5, 200-218. Dougherty, D. , Borrelli, L. , Munir, K. , & O’Sullivan, A. (2000). Systems of organizational sensemaking for sustained product innovation. Journal of engineering and technology management, 17, 321-355. Drucker, P. (1968). The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines to Our Changing Society.New York: Harper & Row. Hardy, C. , & Dougherty, D. (1997). Powering Product Innovation. European Management ]ournal, 15(1), 16-27. Hitt, M. A. , Beamish, P. W. , Jackson, S. E. , & Mathieu, J. E. (2007). Building Theoretical and Empirical Bridges Across Levels: Multilevel Research in Management. Academy of Management Journal, 50(6), 1385-1399. Jackson, M. C. (2001). Critical systems thinking and practice. European Journal of Operational Research, 128, 233-244. Jackson, M. C. (2006). Creative Holism: A Critical Systems Approach to Co mplex Problem Situations. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 23, 647-657.Kingfisher. (2012). About us. Retrieved from Kingfisher plc web site: http://www. kingfisher. com/index. asp? pageid=176 knowledge. (n. d). Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition. Harper Collins Publishers. Retrieved November 25, 2012, from Dictionary. com: http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/knowledge Nonaka, I. (1994, February). A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation. Organization Science, 5(1), 14-37. Nonaka, I. , & Toyama, R. (2003). The knowledge-creating theory revisited: knowledge creation as a synthesizing process. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 1, 2-10.Owen-Smith, J. , & Powell, W. W. (2004). Knowledge networks as channels and conduits: The effects of spillovers in the Boston biotechnology community. Organization Science, 15(1), 5-22. Pelz, D. , & Andrews, F. (1966). Scientists in Organizations. New York: Wiley. plc, K. (2012). About us. Retrieved from Kingfisher plc web site: http://www. kingfisher. com/index. asp? pageid=176 Polanyi, M. (1966). The Tacit Dimension. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Powell, W. , Koput, K. , & Smith-Doerr, L. (1996). Interorganizational collaboration and the locus of innovation: Networks of learning in biotechnology.Administrative Science Quarterly, 41, 116-145. Schauer, F. (1991). Playing by the rules. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Swan, J. , & Scarbrough, H. (2005). The politics of networked innovation. Human Relations, 58(7), 913–943. Toffler, A. (1990). Powershift: Knowledge, Wealth and Violence at the Edge of 2lst Century. New York: Bantam Books. Tsoukas, H. (1996). The firm as a distributed knowledge system: A constructionist approach. Strategic management journal, 17, 11-25. Van de Ven, A. , & Polley, D. (1992). Learning while innovating. Organization Science, 3, 92-116. Weick, K. ,

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

PRODUCTION OPERATIONS & MANUFACTURING PROCESSES OF LABSA Essay

Sulphonation The touchMost electrophilic substitution reactions be irreversible but sulfonation is an exception. Treatment of benzol with oleum (a etymon of SO3 in concentrated out-of-pocket s awayhic window pane) leave behind give the sulfonic hot, the electrophilic species cosmos treat trioxide which is Lewis venereal diseaseic. human body 1 Sulphonation Benzene equationThe sulfonic acerb discharge be converted back by treatment with luscious aqueous vitriolic. The reason for this reversibility is the fact that the Wheland sensitive is overall neutral and therefore more than stable than different, positively charged intermediates. Hence, downst personal line of credits forcing reaction conditions, the energy difference in progressing in all the forward or backward sense from the Wheland intermediate is com space-reflection symmetrytively smaller comp argond to the leave outrier to activation and olibanum discrimination is lost. chassis 2 further of reaction against EnergyThis makes the SO3H a effectual directing group if it is desire to strain our selective ortho substitution of a monosubstituted benzine possessing an ortho/para activating group. Under convention circumstances, para substitution would dominate, despite the statistical favouring of the ortho positions payable to steric hindrance of the original substituent. initial sulfonation para gives a Disubstituted benzene in which both substituents direct to the same position. succeeding directed electrophilic substitution and removal of the sulfonic acid group gives theortho disubstituted header of intersection.Process Involved In the Manufacture of laboratorySA chassis 3 f out garnish sheet of the process behind the yield of laboratorySA.The manufacturing of labSA at Sasol gulf is a continuous process. An detachment of 1 day after a period of 20-21 days for the purpose of shut-down and start-up is inherent for principal(prenominal)tenance purposes. The key reactions involved in the formation of LABSA atomic number 18 as follows ambiance Drying southward Melting Ignition of atomic number 16 (S) to sulfur dioxide (SO2) SO3 performance Oxidation of mho dioxide to randomness trioxide (SO3) using throttle vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) infra optimum temperature. Film Sulphonation Reaction of Li approximative Alkyl Benzene (LAB) with sulfur trioxide to yield the break produce LABSA. senescence & Hydrolysis ball up Sepaproportionn & Gas chaparral Separation of LABSA from unreacted raginges. b be DryingThe ancestry constrictn from outside is compressed and dehumidified by nub of the following building blocks1)Intermediate Cooling Unit.2) silicon oxide jelly Dehumidifying dominate.The self-possessed has the purpose to remove the humidness from the contrastwave, up to a saturation humidity of 2 score Celsius & besides to convey low temperature line of work to the dehumidifying brood, olibanum favoring the urine concentration in the silicon oxide gelatine. The silica gel line of credit drying has the object to reduce to genuinely low values (dew point -60 approx.) the wet content of distribute intended for the sulfur flame, & thus(prenominal) for spiritual rebirth.This reduces to acceptable values the oleum sum bring ond in the rebirth unit, which depends directly to the sum of pissing contained in the air.WorkingThe air filtered is sucked by the compressor that sends the process air to the refrigerate group. This unit removes the conglutination waken by water & moreover cools the air to 2 grad Celsius by dint of the intermediate medium chilling unit which is kept at unalterable temperature. The equipment for air drying is a solid cylindrical vessel, which is horizontally divided in devil weakens by a partition containing insulating actual. The two silica gel layers be fleckd on nets 2 lays be left free preceding(prenominal) and below much(prenominal) layers for air entre and outlet respectively. On the plates, at the civilise of both silica gel layer, two light glasses are clan(p) to check visually their conditions. Some silica gel indicator is placed near the tummy glasses, changing its food colouring accordingto the measuring of absorbed water so saturating with water, it changes down(p) to pink.Fig 4 Boiler to produce and supply steam clean.Characteristics of Silica Gel look white color, granules of 3-6 mm approx.Bulk parsimony 700kg/dm3 approxThe transformation is carried out by proud temperature with air at 150 leg Celsius. A checking about the effective regeneration is make by verifying the Silica gel indicator by the sight glasses, as well as by verifying the outlet temp., of the regeneration air on the recording thermo cadence. When the regeneration is complete the silica gel mass has a temperature rather near 150 peak Celsius. at that placefore it is necessary to cool the silica gel thus con direc t toing it to adsorb the humidity of the air crossing it. poster The quartette way valves are appendd with a arrive by pneumatic cylinders which are upstage controlled energizing some solenoid valve suitably. channelize drying and coolingAir that is utilized in the harvest-homeion of LABSA has to be cooled starting and then change to go through its feasibility for further reactions. Air is cooled by deviation it through a soup up m hotshoty changer containing the coolant mono-ethylene glycol at a temperature of 0 to -2 grade Celsius. The coolant encertain(p)s compression of air to around 5 degree Celsius. afterwards cooling air to the take temperature it has to be desiccated to remove traces of wet pre direct in it. For this purpose air is take backed through a cylinder fill up with silica gel. The silica-gel brings the dew point of the water in the air down to stay -40 degrees Celsius. This content that the air is dry as if the air was cooled down to -40 degrees Cel sius. In practice two cylinders with silica-gel are using up one for drying the air, the other is reconditioned. In general the changing of the cylinders is through with(p) automatically.Fig 5 Air Drying ProcessFig 6 Glycol TowerIn typeset to remove the compression rageing and to condense the moisture, the air is first cooled by cooling water and then by a glycol effect in the glycol mainstay. The air move is then conveyed at a constant temperature ( slight than 5) to the silica gel dryers. mho MeltingSulphur is melted to stand Sulphur that has been acquired has to be melted preliminary to its ignition. This is done by oestrusing it in the melter at temperatures of 135 to one hundred forty-five. If the temperature exceeds 145 it would result in vaporisation of atomic number 16 while temperatures less than 135 would be insufficient to melt reciprocal ohm. Therefore a temperature of one hundred forty is maintained to prevent wastage of process due to the above mention ed serves.Fig 7Sulphur Melting Tank.The solid south is melted and filtered to avoid the centre valves hindering and then ply to the sulphur burner by a proportioning fondness. The viscosity of molten sulphur is minimum between 135 to 140 .Fig 8 Viscosity Of SulphurMolten sulphur is fed on a lower floor mass control by office of a mass flow meter. The pump and the relevant piping are steam set offed in mold to to come up thetemperature constant and to minimize sulphur viscosity.Fig 9 Sulphur BurningSO fruitionThe oxidation reaction of sulphur dioxide and trioxide is exothermic and heat produced by it is quite sufficient to keep the throttle valve layers at the required at the required temp. to find oneself a entire conversion progress. In order to get the best efficiency, the splosh inlet temperature in the first catalyst layer has to be about 420 degree Celsius.To start the reaction, the catalyst layers of the first & warrant stage of the conversion tower mother to be brought to the necessary temperature. This is r individuallyed by preheating with vehement air and the upper part of the catalyst tower is heated upto a temperature of 400-420 degree Celsius.Fig 10 Catalyst rumpSulphur Dioxide & Sulphur Trioxide ProductionThe sulphur combustion furnace has been designed for this special purpose. In the furnace, the sulphur is fed through a pipe and falls on a move up of refractory balls, while the combustion air is supplied in counter current, thus obtaining the complete combustion of sulphur without its crop-dusting through a nozzle which business leader often clog owing to sulphur impurities.This scheme is quite simple it does non require every maintenance and the squander composition does not change. The temperature of the artillery at the burner outlet is around 700 degree Celsius (corresponding some to a SO2 concentration of 7% by batch). Thereafter a heat exchanger cools the atom smasher so that it r all(prenominal)es the co nversion tower at the required temperature. The conversion tower is composed of three layers of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) catalyst. The gas, passing from a layer to next one, crosses a heat exchanger to take the gas temperature to optimum conversion values on every stage. In order to allow quick startup, a preheating dust has beenprovided. The main characteristics of Ballestra pre-heating system strike been provided No electric pre-heater is required because if it were utilise, organism in the bearing of SO3, it would be corroded very quickly. Moreover, with Ballestra system there is no need to either cut off or put values in the circuit of conversion lines, which should operate a temperature of about d degree Celsius in the presence SO2 / SO3, thus being easily corroded. The gas temperature is of lean withal high to be adequate for sulphonation therefore some heat exchangers in the series are apply to cool the gas down to proper sulphonation temperature. The unrecorded air coming from SO3 coolers is utilized for silica gel regeneration.6 Fig 11 SO2 / SO3 ProductionFilm SulphonationThis group is composed by a fill nuclear reactor, multi- resistance type, having dimensions and number of electron tubes proportional to the plant capacity. The sulphonation gas is automatically fed on the reactor top and distributed in part strictly equal on each of the pipes composing the reactor. The sore substantial to be sulphonated is fed in co-current with the gas. alfresco the reaction tubes in the reactor detonator the cooling water circulates in co-current with the film, thus allowing a control of the reaction temperature by heat removing.The distribution of the gas and the result to be sulphonated is designed in order to ensure a constant ratio between the two phases, inside each reaction tube. The sulphonated or sulphated product, coming out of the reactor is suitably degassed, aged and change according to the fed unrefined material and fed to the n eutralization unit.In this lodge the Ballestra sulphonation / sulphation system by film reactor has great advantages towards the other existing systems on the market since in the case of ability failure an emergency system, included in the supply, avoids any damage to the product and the unavoidableness of clean the reactor before resuming operation. This system lav be also employ during plant startup the material to be sulphonated is fed and recycled to the reactor until optimum SO2-SO3 conversion is reached.Main ReactorFig 12 Top view of the Reactor Fig 13 Bottom Nozzles Of the ReactorThis SO3 is sent to the reactor where it reacts with elongate Alkyl Benzene. cod to presence of some water blues in air some oleum is also formed. This should be avoided as it can cause blockage. The reactor has small tubes in which the SO3 passes and the LAB passes through its sides. The main reaction takes place at render of these tubes and during maintenance these tubes are thoroughly cleaned because if the LAB leaks to the centre part then the reaction volition take place there only and no SO3 testament pass through. hence this salmagundi of LABSA (desired product), LAB, SO3 and a motleyture of other waste materials including oleum is sent to a separator. The liquid product is sent to the aging vessel and the gases are sent to cyclone.Fig 14 Sulphonation countersink Arrangement ripening & HydrolysisThis is used to change the sulphonated DDB. It is composed by an develop unit and stabilizer. The product after being sulphonated overflows into the idler of the ageing unit. It is then conveyed into the stabilizer in concert with water. Afterwards it is transferred with the help of a pump to the neutralization unit.Fig 15 Ageing VesselGas SeperationCyclonic legal separation is a method of removing particulates from an air (or gas) menses, without the use of filters, through vortex separation. Rotational cause and gravity are used to sever mixtures of so lids and fluids. present a high swiftness rotating air-flow is established within a cylindrical or conical container called a cyclone. Air flows in a spiral pattern, rootage at the top (wide end) of the cyclone and ending at the bottom (narrow) end before exiting the cyclone in a straight menses through the center of the cyclone and out the top.Larger (denser) particles in the rotating air stream nurse too much inertia to follow the skinny curve of the air stream and refer the outside wall, falling then to the bottom of the cyclone where they can be upstage. In a conical system, as the rotating air-flow moves towards the narrow end of the cyclone the rotational radius of the air stream is reduced, separating smaller and smaller particles from the stream. The cyclone geometry, together with air flow rate, defines the cut point of the cyclone.This is the surface of particle that will be removed from the air stream with a 50% efficiency. Particles larger than the cut point will be removed with a great efficiency and smaller particles with a refuse efficiency. The liquid product and reactants which still have to react are sent to the aging vessel but the product in the form of vapour and gases are sent to Electrostatic electrostatic precipitator.Fig 16 Gas SplittingGas Scrubbing / do the dishes Gas TreatmentThe unit is designed to treat exhaust gas stream coming from the sulphonation reactor before being sent to the atmosphere in order to remove any possible organic, unreacted SO traces and unconverted SO. The exhausted gas coming from the reactor pass through a cyclone which provides to separate the acid dapple before getting into the static precipitator and SO2 scrubber column.Fig 17 turn out Gas TreatmentIn the electrostatic precipitator the organic bone marrows and unreacted SO3 are disordered and eliminated. The residual unconverted SO2 is absorbed in the scrubbing column in which a water and caustic soda resoluteness is continuously recy cled. The gas stream is contacted with a controlled stream of fresh organic raw material.Fig 18 Electrostatic Precipitator Functionality DetailsFig 19 Electro unruffled Precipitator Construction DetailsAn electrostatic precipitator (ESP) or electrostatic air cleaner is a particulate charm device that removes particles from a flowing gas ( such as air) using the force of an generate electrostatic charge. The LABSA is separated and sent to the ageing vessel.Types of Heat ExchangersShell and thermionic tube heat exchangerShell and tube heat exchangers consist of a series of tubes. oneness set of these tubes contains the fluid that moldiness be either heated or cooled. The south fluid runs over the tubes that are being heated or cooled so that it can either provide the heat or absorb the heat required. A set of tubes is called the tube bundle and can be made up of several types of tubes plain, longitudinally finned etcetera Shell and Tube heat exchangers are typically used for high pull applications (with pressures greater than 30 bar and temperatures greater than 260C. This is because the shell and tube heat exchangers are robust due to their shape. There are several thermal design features that are to be taken into billhook when scheming the tubes in the shell and tube heat exchangers. These includeTube diameter Using a small tube diameter makes the heat exchanger both economical and compact. However, it is more likely for the heat exchanger to foul up blistering and the small size makes mechanical cleaning of the fouling difficult. To prevail over the fouling and cleaning problems, larger tubediameters can be used. thus to determine the tube diameter, the available space, address and the fouling nature of the fluids must be considered.Tube onerousness The thickness of the wall of the tubes is commonly determined to ensure oThere is enough path for corrosionoThat flow-induced vibration has resistanceoAxial effectualnessoAbility to easily stoc k spare separate cost Some cadences the wall thickness is determined by the scoop shovelimum pressure differential across the wall.Tube distance heat exchangers are usually cheaper when they have a smaller shell diameter and a long tube length. Thus, typically there is an aim to make the heat exchanger as long as possible. However, there are many limitations for this, including the space available at the site where it is divergence to be used and the need to ensure that there are tubes available in lengths that are twice the required length (so that the tubes can be withdrawn and replaced). Also, it has to be remembered that lone, thin tubes are difficult to take out and replace. Tube gear when designing the tubes, it is practical to ensure that the tube pitch (i.e. the centre-centre distance of adjoining tubes) is not less than 1.25 times the tubes outside diameterLAS/LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Suplhonic demigod ) The ProductDescription of LASLinear alkylbenzene sulfonic acid is the largest-volume unreal surfactant because of its relatively low cost, good performance, the fact that it can be dried to a stable powder and the perishable environmental friendliness as it has straight chain. LAS is an anionic surfactants with molecules characterized by a aquaphobic and a hy reposehilic group. Alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) alkyl sulfates (AS) are also examples of commercial anionic surfactants. They are nonvolatile compounds produced by sulfonation. LAS are fleshy mixtures of homologues of different alkyl chain lengths (C10 to C13 or C14) and phenyl positional isomers of 2 to 5-phenyl in proportions impose by the starting materials and reaction conditions, each containing an aromatic ring sulfonated at the para position and attached to a analog alkyl chain at any position with the exception of terminal one (1-phenyl). The properties of LAS differ in physical and chemic properties according to the alkyl chain length, resulting in cookings for variou s applications. The starting material LAB (linear alkylbenzene) is produced by the alkylation of benzene with n-paraffins in the presence of hydrogen fluoride (HF) or aluminium chloride (AlCl3) as a catalyst. LAS is produced by the sulfonation of LAB with oleum in batch reactors. Other sulfonation alternative reagents are sulfuric acid, diluted sulfur trioxide, chlorosulfonic acid and sulfamic acid on falling film reactors. LAS are then neutralized to the desired flavour (sodium, ammonium, calcium, potassium, and tri fermentation alcoholamine salts). Surfactants are widely used in the industry needed to repair contact between polar and non-polar media such as between oil and water or between water and minerals. plentitude DENSITY AT 20 DEGREES C 1.070 g/cm3 VISCOSITY AT 20 DEGREES C 1500 2000 mPa.s.MELTING RANGE 10 DEGREES C.BOILING POINT 315 DEGREES C.VAPOUR insistency at 20 DEGREES c under 0.15 (0.001 mm Hg). FLASH POINT (PMcc) 200 DEGREES C. hogwash TEMPERATURE 100 DEGREES C.Ph 2.Applications of LASAlkylbenzene sulfonic acid, as the raw material of detersive, is used to produce alkylbenzene sulfonic acid sodium (LAS), which has the performances of cleaning, wetting, foaming, emulsifying and dispersing, etc. The rate of biodegradation is more than 90%. The product is widely used for producing various detergents and emulsifiers for agricultural herbicides and in photographic emulsion polymerization. It is mainly used to produce habitation detergents such as washing powder, detergent of dishware, detergent of light or hard dirt, cleaner of textile industry, dyeing assistant, degreaser of coatand leather making industry, and the deinking agent of paper-making industry, etc.CharacteristicsGood Surface active properties broken in cost surfactant for detergentsEasy treat into dried powdersDesirable solubility in both liquid and powder formulation BiodegradableCompatible with other surface active agentsSales SpecificationsAPPEARANCEViscous Light cook liquidACTIVE MATTER96.0% min point VALUE180 190FREE OIL1.5% maxWATER1.0% maxCOLOR, KLETTE50 max (5% Sol. pH=7, 40mm cubicle)FREE sulphuric ACID1.5% maxAdvantagesCost effective, anionic surfactant.Biodegradable. callable to its stable foam, suitable for detergent applications in combination with other surfactants. Compatible with enzymes and builders. undischarged performance with other anionic surfactants due to its synergistic effect. Consumes less alkali for neutralisation. ideal for liquid detergent application due to high solubility and low salt content.Packaging & TransportationLAB low the truck is parked in the intemperate loading station directly under a valve. Laborers enter the truck and fix metal rods in grooves near the door. Then a unlifelike perimeter is set up in order to provide support. A flexi-bag is spread out on the bottom of the container, above and within the cardboard perimeter. A hose is connected to the valve and to the flexi-bag. The initial reading is taken from the main LAB tank. The flexi-bag can withstand 20-25 tons of LAB. Calculations are carried out to transfer an approx. 20 tons. The meter reading must reduce by 52cm.Fig 20 Flexi Bags within cardboard perimeterSulphonic AcidThe sulphonic acid is acerb in nature and therefore requires a vehicle with a pre-fitted tanker. The tanker is made of a special material (commonly righteous steel) Also the tank must be able to keep the sulphonic acid at a desirable temperature.Fig 21 Fitted TankLABSALABSA is packaged into plastic drums and then transported. Each drum contains 210kg of the product. Sasol buys second go drums in order to cut costs. at one time the drums are loaded with LABSA on a wooden platform a forklift will move them to the storage shed. At the time of loading the forklift will carry these drums to a loading station with an adjustable ramp. The forklift will carry the containers into the truck and load them there.Fig 22 Plastic Drums for packaging summaryEvery two hours, regular summary of the product is carried out to make sure the quality of the product is maintained. A prove of the product is takenin a beaker and taken to the depth psychology room.Color Klett finishA Klett colorimeter allows light to pass through and determines the colour Klett of the substance. The beaker is put on the colorimeter and the value of the color Klett is obtained. lesser the color Klett, better the quality of the product. The beat value for Klett is around 50%(maximum). Here at Sasol, it ranges from 5-10% and is therefore great in quality. involve EquipmentsKlett ColorimeterBlue imbue No. 42 with 400-465mm wavelength range couple up of cells with 40mm path lengthBalance necessary ReagentsEthanol 99.9% GPRMethanol GPRPropan-2-ol ( Isopropyl alcohol ) GPRDistilled waterProcedurePrepare solvent of ethanol 99.99%, methanol, propan-2-ol or distilled water or a mix of all.Weigh 5g of active substance and dilute with a reckoned amount of solven t so that a solution of 5% m/m is prepared for color measurement.In case of 5% m/n color measurement , weigh 5g of active substance, then times the volume of solvent required by relevant solvent density and weigh solvent. salmagundi upto complete dissolution.Fill 40mm path length cell (clean and dry) with mixture and other cell as reference cell. Colorimeter must be switched on 15 mins preceding to thetest.Acid value conclusionAfter finding the color Klett, the sample of the product is then titrated with ethanol, drop by drop after adding the indicator. Through this, the amount of ethanol required to reach the n point is noted and the acid level of the product is calculated. It should be approx. 180. If the acid value is higher(prenominal) or lower than the required value, the air flow rate is adjusted and analysis is carried out till the desired acid value is obtained.Required equipments250ml conical flask10ml BuretteLab analytic sleep reading upto 3 decimal placesRequired Rea gentsDistilled waterSodium Hydroxide volumetric SolutionPhenolphthaleinEthanolThis method covers determination of acid value for sulphonic acid, however it can also be used for gross(a) fatty acids.ProcedureWeigh accurately about 2g of sulphonic acid into the conical flask and note the weight. Add 25ml of ethanol and mix well to ensure the sample is turn completely. Titrate with NaOH solution using phenolphthalein until the solution retains a faint pink colour. Note T1.CalculationAcid Value = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x 56.1 ) / WtFree Acid % = ( T1 x Molarity of NaOH x titrated acid molecular weight ) 10ConclusionIn a nutshell, the previous month at Sasol has been very productive in name of the knowledge gained regarding the manufacturing operations of the LABSA plant in Dubai, UAE.Future ScopeThis is a small report on Production trading operations and Manufacturing Processes of LABSA. It is highly informative on processes such as Air Drying, SO Production, SO Treatment, Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonation etc. The report can be used to bring about the following functionality check up companiesSet up detergent raw material supply correct plant production quality surmount production costsReferences1 www.wikipedia.com2 www.sasol.com3 www.uaeincorp.com4 www.users.ox.ac.uk5 Sasol Gulf subprogram Manual6 Sulphonation Technology in the detergent Industry by W. Herman de Groot 7 www.lasinfo.org8 www.mixmedicine.com9 www.chemicalland21.com10 Test mode Control Room File